EL CASO URRUTIA LAUBREAUX VERSUS CHILE… Y ALGO MÁS SOBRE EL PODER JUDICIAL
POR RODRIGO PÉREZ,
PROFESOR DE DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL
Y CANDIDATO A CONSTITUYENTE POR EL DISTRITO 4.-
*****
Con fecha 19 de enero de 2021 se ha publicado en el Diario Oficial el extracto de la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) que condena a Chile por la infracción a los derechos del juez de garantía Daniel David Urrutia Laubreaux establecidos en la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos: libertad de pensamiento, libertad de expresión y derechos que componen las garantías judiciales. La sentencia de la CIDH se dictó el 27 de agosto de 2020, en pleno desarrollo del proceso constituyente y a escasas semanas de la realización de la más importante jornada electoral que el Estado chileno no había experimentado desde el 05 de octubre de 1988: el plebiscito del 25 de octubre de 2020. Al parecer, octubre será recordado como el mes de la emancipación de una dictadura feroz como fue la de Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte y el mes de la emancipación del sistema político, económico y social perpetuado por las élites de los partidos, cómplices de tolerar las bases estructurales del modelo de democracia inspirada en la dictadura pinochetista.
La decisión de la Corte Interamericana decide una vez más condenar al Estado chileno por los errores que genera la frágil y desnutrida comprensión que de los derechos humanos tienen una parte considerable de los jueces que integran el Poder Judicial de Chile. Como prueba de lo que sostiengo son los casos -a modo de ejemplo- Olmedo Bustos y otros (La última tentación de Cristo), Claude Reyes y otros, Atala Riffo e Hijas o el caso Norín Catrimán y otros, todos ellos causados por flagrante desconocimiento de los derechos de libertad de expresión, de acceso a la información, discriminación en razón de sexo y la diversidad sexual o por la inobservancia de las garantías judiciales y de sus componentes, respectivamente, de cada una de estas víctimas de la actuación de este Poder del Estado.
A comienzos del siglo XIX, Benjamín Constant se pregunta “¿qué abusos pueden esperarse por parte del poder judicial?”, a lo que él mismo responde: la interpretación de las leyes y el espíritu de cuerpo (ver, Una Constitución para la República de los Modernos, Editorial Tecnos, Madrid, 2013, p. 262-263). Benjamín Constant está más vigente que nunca, pues estas características que él describe tres décadas después de realizada la Revolución Francesa (1789), son posibles de identificar en la organización y estructura del Poder Judicial chileno que ha tardado demasiado tiempo en ajustar su institucionalidad a los requirimientos y estándares internacionales para resguardar el principio de independencia de los jueces, vale decir, separar sus funciones jurisdiccionales de sus funciones administrativas a la hora de calificar la actuación de los jueces inferiores, quienes merecen y necesitan sentirse vinculados única y exclusivamente a la ley de la república al momento de resolver los asuntos que han sido sometidos a su competencia y nunca a cualquiera otra circunstancia o consideración exterior que pudiera desviar su interés hacia asuntos que no tengan relación alguna con el caso mismo que debe atender.
Un gesto simbólico y significativo de “amistad cívica” del Poder Judicial hacia el proceso constituyente sería ilustrar a la ciudadanía respecto de la conveniencia de implementar en una Nueva Constitución la presencia de un Consejo Nacional de la Magistratura -según el viejo proyecto propuesto por el ex Presidente de la República Patricio Aylwin Azócar en 1993-, órgano a cargo de toda la dimensión administrativa de la carrera judicial y que permite y garantiza una mayor independencia de los jueces ordinarios en el desempeño de sus funciones jurisdiccionales.
Con ello, la dimensión negativa de ese “espíritu de cuerpo” del Poder Judicial del que tanto se queja Constant en los inicios del siglo XIX, se transforme en lo que este mismo autor destaca como el lado positivo de este pilar fundamental del Estado: garantizar en mayor medida su independencia y su dignidad frente al poder ejecutivo.


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